Dynamic instability of single storey frames having thin-walled columns has been investigated. The lateral loads sustained by the frame are dynamic in character, while the axial loads are deemed to be quasi-statically applied. The analytical model employed by the authors has the capability of modelling the combined action of the two ‘companion’ local modes whose amplitudes are variable along the length of the column and any type of end conditions of the members. For given levels of axial loads sustained by the columns, the magnitudes of lateral loads causing instability can be significantly smaller than those corresponding to static buckling, provided the dynamic load is of sufficient duration. There exists, however, a threshold value of axial force carried by the columns, below which there is no elastic instability—static or dynamic. For columns with overall critical loads several times greater than the local critical load, there is no danger of elastic instability, but the deflections under dynamic lateral loads of less than 1 per cent of the axial load may reach such huge values that there is a serious danger of localized plastic collapse. It is also shown that moment frames having thin-walled columns such as those fabricated out of cold formed steel are extremely vulnerable to moderate seismic excitations. 相似文献
Quality of soil data is vital to formulate agricultural policies at different scales. Current agricultural applications in Pakistan depend however, on average values of soil estimates over larger areas. In this work, model-based ordinary kriging (OK) and Bayesian kriging (BK) to interpolate soil data is used. The aim is to compare the two different methods for the accuracy of soil data prediction. For this soils were sampled for Electrical Conductivity (EC, dSm–1) at 759 different locations in the rural agricultural areas of Qasur Tehsil, Pakistan. Cross validation was used to compare the performance of OK and BK. Our results show strong skewness and spatial dependency of soil EC values in heterogeneous regions. Box-Cox transformation successfully reduced the level of skewness in the soil EC data (from 14.1 to 0.11). Contrary to OK, under-estimation of soil EC values was not evident in the BK interpolation. Mean square prediction error for BK (1.45) was significantly reduced as compared to that for OK (6.1). Considering these findings, BK is a better model to explain the sub-regional soil EC variability and estimating strategies for sustainable agricultural planning in Pakistan. 相似文献
Worldwide carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase driven by fossil fuel consumption and industrial discharges. Progress on carbon emission reduction requires firms to adopt clean technologies which minimize material and energy consumption. Technological change is particularly required in developing countries, where industrial emissions often lead to chronic urban pollution problems. In this study, we explore the antecedents of clean technology strategy by firms in developing countries. We combine the contingent natural resource-based view with the relational view to examine how network embeddedness, market incentives and slack resources influence adoption of clean technology. The empirical support for our hypotheses comes from data obtained from 342 firms that operated in the carbon-offset market during the years 2007 to 2009. We find that a firm’s relational network structure influences adoption of clean technologies, particularly when market incentives are low. Contrary to one of the hypotheses, the results of our paper suggest a negative relationship between a firm’s slack resources and its clean technology strategy. Our study highlights the benefits of networks in fostering adoption of clean technology in developing countries. Furthermore, we find that high market incentives (carbon price) decrease the probability of clean technology adoption, so adding to the view that firms respond to carbon-offset rules to realize high carbon revenues at the lowest cost.
Key policy insights
High market incentives (carbon price) decrease the probability that firms in developing countries will adopt clean technology.
This adds to concerns about the capability of the Clean Development Mechanism to deliver sustainable development.
Even where market incentives are low, firms in developing countries are more likely to adopt clean technologies when they are embedded in a closed network of connected partners.
To stimulate adoption of clean technology in developing countries, policy makers should focus on initiatives to facilitate partnerships between organizations operating in the carbon market and create opportunities for knowledge sharing and learning.
By changing the policy focus to networks of organizations, the carbon market can bring about positive change in terms of shifting the firm behaviour.
Natural Hazards - Climate change-induced disasters show the highest risk for agriculture and livelihoods in rural areas of developing countries. Due to changing rainfall pattern, the arid and... 相似文献
Freshwater environments in New Zealand provide a range of ecosystem services and contain important biodiversity. Managing these environments effectively requires a comprehensive inventory of the resource and cost-effective tools for regular monitoring. The complex and extensive margins of natural water bodies make them difficult to sample comprehensively. Problems thus occur with extrapolating point-specific sampling to accurately represent the diversity of vegetation in large freshwater bodies. Mapping freshwater vegetation using satellite remote sensing can overcome problems associated with access, scale and distribution, but it requires high-resolution images that have appropriate spectral characteristics. This paper provides an overview of the optical satellite data characteristics required for mapping riparian, submerged and emergent vegetation associated with freshwater environments in New Zealand. 相似文献
The Makran accretionary complex shows a distinct bottom-simulating reflector, indicating a thick gas-hydrate-bearing horizon
between the deformational front and about 1350 m water depth which seals off the upward flow of gas-charged fluids. A field
of presently inactive mud diapirs with elevations up to 65 m was discovered in the abyssal plain seawards of the deformation
front, suggesting that in the past conditions were favorable for periodic but localized vigorous mud diapirism. Regional destabilization
of the gas hydrate leading to focused flow was observed where deep-penetrating, active faults reach the base of the gas-hydrate
layer, as in a deeply incised submarine canyon (2100–2500 m water depth). At this location we discovered seeps of methane
and H2S-rich fluids associated with chemoautotrophic vent faunas (e.g., Calyptogena sp.). Driven by the accretionary wedge dynamics, the landward part of the gas-hydrate layer below the Makran margin is being
progressively uplifted. Due to reduced hydrostatic pressure and rising ocean bottom-water temperatures, gas hydrates are progressively
destabilized and dissociated into hydrate water, methane and H2S. Sediment temperatures lie outside the methane stability field wherever water depth is less than 800 m. Above this depth,
upward migration of fluids to the seafloor is unimpeded, thus explaining the abundance of randomly distributed gas seeps observed
at water depths of 350 to 800 m.
Received: 14 June 1999 / Revision accepted: 6 February 2000 相似文献
A new seismic hazard model for Cairo, the capital city of Egypt is developed herein based on comprehensive consideration of uncertainties in various components of the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. The proposed seismic hazard model is developed from an updated catalogue of historical and instrumental seismicity, geodetic strain rates derived from GPS-based velocity-field of the crust, and the geologic slip rates of active faults. The seismic source model consists of area sources and active faults characterised to forecast the seismic productivity in the region. Ground motion prediction models are selected to describe the expected ground motion at the sites of interest. The model accounts for inherent epistemic uncertainties of statistical earthquake recurrence; maximum magnitude; ground motion prediction models, and their propagation toward the obtained results. The proposed model is applied to a site-specific hazard analysis for Kottamiya, Rehab City and Zahraa-Madinat-Nasr (hereinafter referred to as Zahraa) to the East of Cairo (Egypt). The site-specific analysis accounts for the site response, through the parameterization of the sites in terms of average 30-m shear-wave velocity (Vs30). The present seismic hazard model can be considered as a reference model for earthquake risk mitigation and proper resilience planning. 相似文献
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - Drought is considered to be one of the most devastating natural hazards, causing widespread environmental and social damage in many parts of... 相似文献